Goodbye to Williamsburg, Jamestown, and Yorktown!

We had a wonderful time visiting the entire Historical Triangle: Williamsburg, Yorktown, and Jamestown. We were there for only three days, but we could have spent an entire week and kept ourselves entertained easily!

Williamsburg,
It was interesting to take a step into the past and see how people once lived. It’s a great way to learn about our country’s beginnings and what life was like back then.
It’s great to dork out on colonial history, and
Personally, Colonial Williamsburg is nice to walk around with a boyfriend^^
(I wish I could have my boyfriend with me...)

Our second destination, Jamestown Settlement, took us by surprise with its variety of educational and entertaining experiences.

Jamestown settlement was a fun trip. It allowed me to think about what the real Jamestown may have looked like and I enjoyed learning about it.
It was very interesting to see how the museum portrayed Jamestown and the Indian settlement. Despite the mix up and the white Indians, it was a spectacular presentation. The people on each of the settlements and the replicas of the ships were extremely knowledgeable of what they were talking about, and it was fun and entertaining to listen to.
It was so much fun, and I would totally do it all again if I was given the chance.
We love to experience history in a physical sense and compare it to our own life, this is what makes Jamestown Settlement such an attraction.

Last destination was Yotktown..
Yorktown is where America became of age. It took myself back in time where history was made.

As a professional TESOLer, I'm sure this experience will help my students to understand about American culture, too. it was a worth visit!

If you have any interest in American history, you will enjoy visiting the entire Historical Triangle: Williamsburg, Yorktown, and Jamestown.

Yorktown Victory Center

A rare broadside printing of the Declarationof Independence is on display at the Yorktown Victory Center. The historical document wasco-published in Boston on or about July 18, 1776, by John Gill and Edward E. Powars and Nathaniel Willis

We saw lots of things in Yorktown Victory Center.

First of all,

Indoor exhibition galleries portrayed the Declaration of Independence as a revolutionary document that attracted international attention, recount the war’s impact on 10 ordinary men and women who left a record of their experiences, highlight the roles of different nationalities at the Siege of Yorktown, and explored the story of the Betsy and other British ships lost in the York River during the siege.

Exhibits also described how people from many different cultures shaped a new society and the development of a new government with the Constitution and Bill of Rights.

Outdoors, we explored a re-created Continental Army encampment, where historical interpreters describe and depict daily life of American soldiers at the end of the war.

It's fun to know about a re-created 1780s farm that completed with a house, kitchen, tobacco barn, crop fields, and herb and vegetable garden, which showed how many Americans lived during the Revolutionary era.

Yorktown

in front of Yorktown Victory center
Yorktown was last destination of our history(?!?) journey.

A brief history of Yorktown

Yorktown was established by Virginia's colonial government in 1691 to regulate trade and to collect taxes on both imports and exports for Great Britain. By the early 1700s, Yorktown had emerged as a major Virginia port and economic center. A well-developed waterfront boasted wharves, docks, storehouses and businesses. On the bluff above, stately homes lined Main Street, with taverns and other shops scattered throughout the town. Yorktown had 250 to 300 buildings and a population of almost 2,000 people at the height of its success around 1750. The American Revolution had entered its seventh year when, in 1781, British general Lord Charles Cornwallis brought his army to Yorktown to establish a naval base. In the siege by American and French forces that followed, much of the town was destroyed.

By the end of the Revolution, less than 70 buildings remained in Yorktown and the 1790 census recorded only 661 people in town. Yorktown never regained its economic prominence. A fire in 1814 destroyed the waterfront district as well as some homes and the courthouse on Main Street. Additional destruction came during the Civil War Siege of 1862 and the occupation by Union troops that followed.

Today, there are still some tangible reminders of Yorktown's historic past that have survived, giving much of the town a colonial atmosphere.

Love story of Pocahontas and John Rolfe

I've always imagined that I would fall in love with someone like, John Smith from Disney animated movie, "Pocahontas."
He was my IEAL MAN! (He is hot!^^)
Eventhough it was just a movie, the love story between Pocahontas and Captain John Smigh made me thrilled!^^



The 1614 marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe, depicted in a circa 1900 engraving by John C. McRae,marked the beginning of eight years of peace betweenthe colonists and Powhatan Indians. Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation collection.

This marriage marked the beginning of a period of peace between Indians and the Jamestown colonists.

The most well-known of the intermediaries who lived between two cultures was a favorite daughter of Powhatan, the supreme chief of more than 14,000 Indians in Tidewater Virginia at the time. This young girl, Pocahontas, is famous for her interactions with John Smith, John Rolfe and other colonists.Pocahontas first met John Smith in December 1607 when he was captured and brought before her father Powhatan in his village at Werowocomoco, on the north side of the York River. Smith wrote that Pocahontas rescued him from death, but some historians speculate that he was part of a test her father used to assert his authority over the English in Virginia.
Later, Pocahontas accompanied Indian emissaries to Jamestown with food. There she would “get the boyes forth with her into the market place and make them wheele [cartwheel].” Once, she warned Smith of possible ambush. After Smith left Virginia in Fall 1609, Pocahontas was not seen among the English.
In 1613 Samuel Argall found her visiting the Patawomeke tribe on the Potomac River. He kidnapped her to hold her for ransom, hoping her father would return the weapons, tools and English prisoners he had taken. But he only partially complied with English demands, and Pocahontas was sent upriver to Henricus where the Reverend Alexander Whitaker taught her English manners and religion.
There she met John Rolfe, the planter who introduced tobacco cultivation to the colony. In 1614 she was baptized with the Christian name Rebecca and married Rolfe. She then remained in the English world, having a son and traveling to England to promote the English colony. There she died in 1617.





This 17th-century European engraving depicts Powhatanreceiving Ralph Hamor, secretary of the Virginia colony, and interpreter Thomas Savage in 1614 at the chief's newcapital of Matchcot on the Pamunkey River.

Leaders from both cultural groups realized early on the value in trading young men to learn one another’s language and customs and to act as messengers. Several Powhatans served as emissaries, willingly or unwillingly living with the English. In 1608 Powhatan gave “Namontacke his trusty servant” to Captain Christopher Newport.
Newport took Namontack to England and introduced him as the son of “the emperor of Virginia,” and he returned to Virginia with greater knowledge of English culture.Although the English hoped to entice Powhatans to send their children to the settlers to become acculturated, Powhatans were reluctant.

Only a small minority were willing to live with settlers. These included Chanco, who lived and worked with an Englishman on the Pamunkey River, and an unnamed Indian boy who lived with a settler on the James River. The two Indians, seemingly converted to Christianity, warned the English about the upcoming 1622 Powhatan attack. Although essential to both cultures, these intermediaries were often mistrusted.
The first English intermediary was Thomas Savage, who was presented as a “gift” from Captain Christopher Newport to Powhatan in 1608, when Powhatan gave Namontack to Newport. Savage lived with Powhatan for two years, then continued to serve as an interpreter afterward. In 1608 Samuel Collier was left by John Smith with the Warraskoyack tribe to learn the language.

Collier then lived with the English, surviving until 1623.Henry Spelman arrived in Virginia in 1609 and was sent to live with the Powhatans to ensure good behavior from English colonists who had settled up the James River. He resided with Powhatan for several months and then lived for a year with the Patawomeke tribe on the Potomac River.
There he moved freely, was treated as a special guest and recorded his observations of Powhatan life ways in his “Relation of Virginea.” He made several trips back to England, but returned to Virginia to serve as an interpreter until his death in 1623.

Robert Poole came in 1611 and was assigned to Opechancanough, Powhatan’s brother, as an interpreter in 1614. Poole and Savage eventually became wealthy through the Virginia fur trade. As with the Powhatan intermediaries, these interpreters were often mistrusted by both sides. Although the young English men remained loyal to English values, they were manipulated as pawns by Powhatan and English leaders in their struggle for power in Virginia.

Pocahontas and the Powhatans of Virginia

We stopped by The Powhatan Indian village since the Powhatan tribal group closet to Jamestown.
We were so excited to Learn about the world of Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan, powerful leader of 30-some Algonquian-speaking tribes in coastal Virginia.

The villiage is based on archaeological findings at a site once inhabited by Paspahegh Indians.
The historical interpretes demonstrated the Powhatan way of life. It was interesting for us to know that they grew, prepared food, animal hides, made tools and pottery, and woved natural fibers into cordage just like our ancestors did.

THE POWHATAN INDIANS

Pocahontas and the Powhatans of Virginia

At the time English colonists arrived in the spring of 1607, coastal Virginia was inhabited by the Powhatan Indians, an Algonquian-speaking people. The Powhatans were comprised of 30-some tribal groups, with a total population of about 14,000, under the control of Wahunsonacock, sometimes called “Powhatan.” The Powhatans lived in villages with houses built of sapling frames covered by reed mats or bark. Villages within the same area belonged to one tribe. Each tribe had its own “werowance” or chief, who was subject to Wahunsonacock. Although the chiefs were usually men, they inherited their positions of power through the female side of the family. Agricultural products – corn, beans and squash – contributed about half of the Powhatan diet. Men hunted deer and fished, while women farmed and gathered wild plant foods. Women prepared foods and made clothes from deerskins. Tools and equipment were made from stone, bone and wood.The Powhatans participated in an extensive trade network with Indian groups within and outside the chiefdom. With the English, the Powhatans traded foodstuffs and furs in exchange for metal tools, European copper, European glass beads, and trinkets. In a ranked society of rulers, great warriors, priests and commoners, status was determined by achievement, often in warfare, and by the inheritance of luxury goods like copper, shell beads and furs. Those of higher status had larger homes, more wives and elaborate dress. The Powhatans worshipped a hierarchy of gods and spirits. They offered gifts to Oke to prevent him from sending them harm. Ahone was the creator and giver of good things. As English settlement spread in Virginia during the 1600s, the Powhatans were forced to move inland away from the fertile river valleys that had long been their home. As their territory dwindled, so did the Indian population, falling victim to English diseases, food shortages and warfare. The Powhatan people persisted, however, adopting new lifestyles while maintaining their cultural pride and leaving a legacy for today, through their descendants still living in Virginia

POCAHONTAS

This modern painting is based on a 17th-century engraving of Pocahontas attired inEnglish clothing.

The renowned Indian maiden who befriended English colonists in Virginia in the early 1600s has been immortalized in art, song and story. Born about 1596, Pocahontas was the daughter of Powhatan, chief of over 30 tribes in coastal Virginia. Pocahontas was a nickname meaning “playful one.” Her formal names were Amonute and Matoaka. Pocahontas was Powhatan’s “most deare and wel-beloved daughter,” according to Captain John Smith, an English colonial leader who wrote extensively about his experiences in Virginia. Powhatan had numerous wives, and Pocahontas had many half-brothers and half-sisters. Her mother’s name is not mentioned by any 17th-century writers.As a child, Pocahontas probably helped her mother with daily chores, learning what was expected of her as a woman in Powhatan society. Even the daughter of a chief would be required to work when she reached maturity.

In late 1607 Pocahontas, then about age 11, met John Smith in an event he described years later. Smith wrote that he had been captured by Indians and brought before Powhatan at Werewocomoco, the chief's capital town on the York River. After the Indians gave Smith a feast, they laid his head on two stones as if to “beate out his braines,” when Pocahontas “got his head in her armes, and laid her owne upon his to save him from death.”Some scholars today believe the incident was a ritual in which Powhatan sought to assert his sovereignty over Smith and the English in Virginia. In 1608 Pocahontas assisted in taking food to the English settlement at Jamestown to persuade Smith to free some Indian prisoners. The following year, according to Smith, she warned him of an Indian plot to take his life.

A 17th-century European engraving depictingthe abduction of Pocahontas.

Smith left Virginia in 1609, and Pocahontas was told by other colonists that he was dead. Sometime later, she married an Indian named Kocoum. In 1613, while searching for corn to feed hungry colonists, Samuel Argall found her in the village of the Patawomekes in the northern part of the Powhatan chiefdom and kidnapped her for ransom. Powhatan waited three months after learning of his daughter’s capture to return seven English prisoners and some stolen guns. He refused other demands, however, and relinquished his daughter to the English, agreeing to a tenuous peace.Thereafter, Pocahontas lived among the settlers. The Reverend Alexander Whitaker, living up the James River near Henrico (Henricus), taught her Christian principles, and she learned to act and dress like an English woman. In 1614 she was baptized and given the name Rebecca. Soon after her conversion, Pocahontas married John Rolfe, a planter who had introduced tobacco as a cash crop in the Virginia colony. In 1616 the Rolfes and their young son Thomas traveled to England to help recruit new settlers for Virginia. While there, Pocahontas had a brief meeting with John Smith, whom she had not known was alive, and told him that she would be “for ever and ever your Countrieman.” As the Rolfes began their return trip to Virginia, Pocahontas became ill and died at Gravesend, England, in March 1617. John Rolfe sailed for Virginia, where he had been appointed secretary of the colony, but left Thomas in England with relatives. Thomas Rolfe returned to Virginia in the 1630s. By that time, Powhatan and John Rolfe were dead, and peace with the Indians had been broken in 1622 by a bloody uprising led by Pocahontas’s uncle, Opechancanough. Although Pocahontas was one of Powhatan’s favorite children, she probably had little influence over her father’s actions toward the English colonists. However, after she married and traveled to England, she was able to bring the Virginia colony to the attention of prominent English men and women.

Jamestown Settlement Chronology

Here is a brief crhonology of Jamestown.
I think it'll be better for us to know and understand of Jamestown.

Significant Events in Jamestown's History

1570s
Spanish Jesuits set up a mission on the York River in the Chesapeake Bay area. Within a few months, the Spaniards were killed by local Indians.

1585-7
Three separate voyages sent English settlers to Roanoke, Virginia (North Carolina). John White, who had been governor of the Roanoke colony and had gone back to England for supplies, returned in 1590 and found no trace of the settlers.

1607
On May 13, nearly five months after departing from England, an expedition of 104 colonists arrived at a site on the James River selected for settlement. The group was sponsored by the Virginia Company of London, whose investors hoped to make a profit from the resources of the New World. The group named their settlement for King James I.

1608
Captain Christopher Newport, commander of the 1607 Jamestown expedition who had sailed back to England, returned to Virginia in January with settlers and goods. It was the first of a series of regular arrivals in the colony. John Smith was elected president of the governing council in the fall. Smith left for England the next fall (1609) to recover from a gunpowder wound and never returned to Virginia.

1611
Elizabeth City and Henrico were established, marking the beginning of expansion beyond Jamestown.

1613
Pocahontas, a daughter of Powhatan, powerful leader of 30-some Indian tribes in coastal Virginia, was kidnapped by the English.

1614
The first sample of tobacco cultivated by John Rolfe was shipped to England by this time. Tobacco was the “golden weed” that ensured the economic survival of the colony. Pocahontas married John Rolfe after being baptized in the Anglican Church, and an eight-year period of peace between the English colonists and Powhatan Indians ensued.

1617
Pocahontas died in England.

1619
The first representative legislative assembly in British America met at Jamestown on July 30. The first documented people of African origin in Virginia arrived in late summer aboard an English ship flying Dutch colors.

1620
The Plymouth colony was established in Massachusetts.

1624
King James revoked the charter of the Virginia Company, and Virginia became a royal colony.

1699
The capital of Virginia was moved from Jamestown to Williamsburg.

Jamestown Settlement

Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in America, circa 1607




What comes to your mind when you hear "Jamestown?"
Well, for me, I just came up with an idea that the Virginia colony had John Smith, Pocahontas, slavery, famine, battles and a great Indian chief, mostly, from the animation, Pocahontas.
Honestly, I didn't even know that they were real until I studied Amerian history.. ^^;
After I visited Williamsburg, we also visited Jamestown, which is next to Williamsburg.
I couldn't take any pirctures since i lost my camera while Iwas visiting here..
I want to introduce this historical, amazing place to you with some information.
Let me strat with a brief history of Jamestown.

A brief history of Jamestown

The founding of Jamestown, America’s first permanent English colony, in Virginia in 1607 – 13 years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in Massachusetts – sparked a series of cultural encounters that helped shape the nation and the world. The government, language, customs, beliefs and aspirations of these early Virginians are all part of the United States’ heritage today.

The colony was sponsored by the Virginia Company of London, a group of investors who hoped to profit from the venture. Chartered in 1606 by King James I, the company also supported English national goals of counterbalancing the expansion of other European nations abroad, seeking a northwest passage to the Orient, and converting the Virginia Indians to the Anglican religion.

The Susan Constant, Godspeed and Discovery, carrying 105 passengers, one of whom died during the voyage, departed from England in December 1606 and reached the Virginia coast in late April 1607. The expedition was led by Captain Christopher Newport. On May 13, after two weeks of exploration, the ships arrived at a site on the James River selected for its deep water anchorage and good defensive position. The passengers came ashore the next day, and work began on the settlement. Initially, the colony was governed by a council of seven, with one member serving as president.

Serious problems soon emerged in the small English outpost, which was located in the midst of a chiefdom of about 14,000 Algonquian-speaking Indians ruled by the powerful leader Powhatan. Relations with the Powhatan Indians were tenuous, although trading opportunities were established. An unfamiliar climate, as well as brackish water supply and lack of food, conditions possibly aggravated by a prolonged drought, led to disease and death. Many of the original colonists were upper-class Englishmen, and the colony lacked sufficient laborers and skilled farmers.

The first two English women arrived at Jamestown in 1608, and more came in subsequent years. Men outnumbered women, however, for most of the 17th century.
Captain John Smith became the colony’s leader in September 1608 – the fourth in a succession of council presidents – and established a “no work, no food” policy. Smith had been instrumental in trading with the Powhatan Indians for food. However, in the fall of 1609 he was injured by burning gunpowder and left for England. Smith never returned to Virginia, but promoted colonization of North America until his death in 1631 and published numerous accounts of the Virginia colony, providing invaluable material for historians.

Smith’s departure was followed by the “starving time,” a period of warfare between the colonists and Indians and the deaths of many English men and women from starvation and disease. Just when the colonists decided to abandon Jamestown in Spring 1610, settlers with supplies arrived from England, eager to find wealth in Virginia. This group of new settlers arrived under the second charter issued by King James I. This charter provided for stronger leadership under a governor who served with a group of advisors, and the introduction of a period of military law that carried harsh punishments for those who did not obey.

In order to make a profit for the Virginia Company, settlers tried a number of small industries, including glassmaking, wood production, and pitch and tar and potash manufacture. However, until the introduction of tobacco as a cash crop about 1613 by colonist John Rolfe, who later married Powhatan’s daughter Pocahontas, none of the colonists’ efforts to establish profitable enterprises were successful. Tobacco cultivation required large amounts of land and labor and stimulated the rapid growth of the Virginia colony. Settlers moved onto the lands occupied by the Powhatan Indians, and increased numbers of indentured servants came to Virginia.
The first documented Africans in Virginia arrived in 1619. They were from the kingdom of Ndongo in Angola, West Central Africa, and had been captured during war with the Portuguese. While these first Africans may have been treated as indentured servants, the customary practice of owning Africans as slaves for life appeared by mid-century. The number of African slaves increased significantly in the second half of the 17th century, replacing indentured servants as the primary source of labor.

The first representative government in British America began at Jamestown in 1619 with the convening of a general assembly, at the request of settlers who wanted input in the laws governing them. After a series of events, including a 1622 war with the Powhatan Indians and misconduct among some of the Virginia Company leaders in England, the Virginia Company was dissolved by the king in 1624, and Virginia became a royal colony. Jamestown continued as the center of Virginia’s political and social life until 1699 when the seat of government moved to Williamsburg. Although Jamestown ceased to exist as a town by the mid 1700s, its legacies are embodied in today’s United States.

What is the “traditional American family?”

Americans today talk about rapid change threatening the moral and cultural values of the “traditional American family.”
When I visitied Colonial Williamsburg, I could look back and see the family as both an agent of change and a product of historical forces with the help of a guidance. It's great to know something that I've never thought of as an ESL teacher, so I just want to share what I've learned with you.

There has never been one American family. Africans, Indians, and Europeans each had families and family customs.
Those changed in the 17th and 18th centuries, not only in how family members related within the group, but also in how the family related to the larger society. Africans were uprooted from traditional homelands and family practices. They were subjected to the will of white Virginians. To a somewhat lesser, but still massively disruptive extent, so were Virginia Indian tribes.
By the end of the 18th century, first among the gentry, then spreading downward, white American families started to develop what we call the “modern” family — a mother, father, and their children, openly affectionate and relatively equal. That became the model for all families in all groups. Paradoxically, that is what we call a “traditional” family.

The 17th Century
Harsh conditions of everyday life, which made the formation of stable families difficult for the first generations of European and African immigrants, began to ease by the end of the 17th century. Native-American family patterns, by contrast, continued to be decimated by disease, displacement, and warfare.

The European Family
European traditions informed the newest Americans' philosophy of family structure: a patriarchal ideal in which the father ruled over the house and extended family. Emerging democratic ideals also would redefine family roles for whites.

The Native-American Family
Native American societies were matrilineal, and divided the work of home, field, and hunt along gender lines. European disease, displacement, and warfare decimated their societies. Traditional dress, language, and customs were eroded by exposure to Europeans.

The African American Family
Africans, who organized their society around complex extended-family networks, were devastated when the slave trade ripped them from their villages and relatives. As they began their own families in America, traditional African values were passed on to a new generation of African-Virginians. Bonds were fragile, since blacks were denied legal marriage, and members were separated when owners sold and traded parents and children.

Changing Roles
A more openly affectionate, child-centered family that reflected egalitarian republican sentiments and changing roles for men and women began to emerge among gentry and middling white families after the middle of the eighteenth century.

An Evolving Society
As the colony stabilized following its early struggles, a white middle class emerged. Social interaction grew in importance, and with it grew the value of manners and deportment. Families became more open and affectionate, turning away from the European patriarchal model. The Revolutionary War brought abrupt change: husbands left, and goods became scarce. For Native Americans and African Americans, an increasing European presence spelled the decline of family and and the loss of traditional culture.

Moving Toward Today's Family
Family change did not stop in the next 200 years. There have continued to be momentous changes in American society that affected the families of all economic classes and ethnic groups. There has been westward expansion, Indian reservations, waves of immigration, changes in economic opportunity, wars, the abolition of slavery, the Victorian ideal of behavior, the growth of American industry and American cities, the civil rights struggle, the women’s movement, the nonconforming 1960s, and more. Families as we have come to know them and as we think they should be are a legacy of the 18th century.

Animals in the rare breeds in Colonial Williamsburg

Christina Lee & Christina Seo,
Cutie girls^^

Colonial Williamsburg's Rare Breeds program was begun in 1986 to preserve genetic diversity in livestock.

Some of the selected breeds represent animals that could have been present in Williamsburg during the 18th century according to historical research.

Rare is defined as having fewer than 1,000 animals registered annually in North America.

The breeds in the foundation's program – the Leicester Longwool sheep, American Cream Draft horses and America Milking Red Devons – have fewer than 200 animals registered annually in North America.

I didn't get to see all the rare breeds in Colonial Williamsburg.

So, I uploaded some other rare breeds with more information.

While I was wathing the milking cows, I felt like I was in my grandfather's house in Korea.

They've been breeding milking cows for over sixty years. I used to breed(giving some food?!?) them whenerever I visited my granfather's house in Hab-cheon. I haven't see those milking cows eversince I came to the U.S. What I've notices was that these animals looked a little different from animials in Korea. (especially, the size..^^)

Leicester Longwool Sheep

A long, healthy, lustrous coat which falls in ringlets, ease of feeding, valuable meat supply and quick maturation are the sheep's breed traits. Leicester (pronounced "lester") Longwools originated in Britain and were used as a pioneer breed. Their use extended to America, Australia, New Zealand and other colonies settled by the Crown. Today they are quite rare in Britain and North America, but they can still be imported from Australia. Their wool is sold to hand spinners, weavers, felters and dollmakers for hair and beards. The original herd of Colonial Williamsburg's Leicester Longwool sheep came from Tasmania, but now the sheep are bred here.

American Cream Draft Horses

The only modern breed in the program also is the rarest – just over 500 still exist in North America. American Cream Draft horses are the only breed of draft horse originating from the United States and are now bred here. Breed characteristics include a medium cream-colored coat, pink skin, amber eyes, long, white mane and tail and white markings. These horses mature late at five years old and have an excellent temperament. Mares stand from 15 to 16 hands and weigh 1,500 to 1,600 pounds. Males stand 16 to 16.3 hands and weigh 1,800 pounds and up. American Creams pull wagons and carriages throughout Colonial Williamsburg's Historic Area.

Canadian Horses

I wish I could ride the horses...

Colonial Williamsburg's most recent addition to the Rare Breeds program, Canadian horses were developed from horses sent from France to Quebec between 1665 and 1670. They stand 14 to 16 hands. Mares weigh 900 to 1,300 pounds and males weigh 1,000 to 1,400 pounds. Canadians were used for farm work, transport, riding and racing. Canadian horses are solid and well-muscled with a well-arched neck set high on a long, sloping shoulder. Canadians are primarily black or reddish brown with full manes and tails. They are energetic without being nervous and are adaptable for a variety of riding and driving disciplines. Originally imported from Canada, Canadian horses now are bred in Colonial Williamsburg.

American Milking Red Devons

Diversity is the trademark of this breed. Their milk contains a high butterfat content – prized in the 18th century for butter and cheese production. They also give quality meat, are very intelligent and are good work animals that are easy to feed and fatten well with minimum supplements. Their milk is used in the Historic Area Foodways program. Descended from the Red Devon breed native to Devonshire, England, American Milking Devons now are bred here.

Milking Shorthorn and Randall Oxen

Trucks, tractors and bulldozers of the 18th century; oxen are cattle trained to work. In Colonial Williamsburg’s Historic Area, guests will see Milking Shorthorns, Randalls, and a Devon/Lineback cross. Milking Shorthorns originated in England, can be red or white, and are used for milk, meat, and work. Randalls were bred in a closed herd by a Vermont family of the same name for 80 years. They are also called linebacks, due to the white line that runs down their backs. The breeds are rare, classified as a watch breed and a critical breed, respectively. Oxen Emmitt, Rusty, Red, Duke, Dan and Bart can be found working in Colonial Williamsburg’s Historic Area and at Great Hopes Plantation.

Peyton Randolph House

Peyton Randolph House

in front of Peyton Randolph House

We found a "torturing place" in front of Peyton Randolph House.

We just wanted to try know what it feels like to be a "prisoner."^^

We're stuck here!! Somebody help us!!


Peyton Randolph House

Looking from Market Square toward the Peyton Randolph House.
A carriage passses in front of the house as visitors enjoy the sights, including the cannon on the square.
The original structure of the Peyton Randolph House was built in 1715.
Colonial Williamsburg's primary restoration of the home began in October 1938 and was completed in April 1940. More restoration of the main section was undertaken in June 1967 and was finished 12 months later. The center and west portions of the house opened for exhibition on July 1, 1968.

-Original structure located at the corner of Nicholson and North England Streets
-Built in 1715 by William Robertson
-Sir John Randolph purchased the west wing in 1721
-House willed to son Peyton Randolph
-First restoration 1938-1940
-Further restoration began in 1967
-Center and west portions opened in 1968
-Construction of outbuildings began in 1997
-Rochambeau, Lafayette, and Washington among notable guests at the home

-The deep red Peyton Randolph House is one of the oldest, most historic, and without doubt most beautiful of Colonial Williamsburg's original 18th-century homes.

The west wing of the impressive house has stood at the corner of Nicholson and North England Streets since about 1715. Among the historic figures that took shelter in the house were General Rochambeau and the Marquis de Lafayette.

Three structures became one

William Robertson built the house that eventually became the west wing of the Peyton Randolph house. Sir John Randolph purchased the west wing in 1721. He bought the east lot for £50 on July 20, 1724 and had a home constructed there as well.
Sir John's son, Peyton Randolph, built a spacious and well-appointed two-story central section between the two houses. A hall with a large roundheaded window and a grand staircase connect single rooms on each floor. The first-floor parlor measures 19 feet square, and the bed chamber above has the same dimensions.

Lines of roof vary

The southern face of the center section matches the appearance of the 29-foot-square clapboard house that makes up the west wing. The low-pitched hip roof of the west wing was extended across the addition but ends abruptly when it reaches the high gable of the dormered roof on the east wing.

East wing not connected to the rest of the house

Although the west and center sections of the house were connected by doors on both floors, there was no opening through the brick wall to the east wing. The east wing may have served as an office or a service building, or it could have been rented out. Demolished in the 19th century, the east wing was reconstructed by Colonial Williamsburg after the property was purchased in 1938.
The roof of the west wing was designed to funnel rain to two concealed two-log gutters, which apparently carried the water to a cistern. Only traces remain of this contrivance that may have leaked and was later covered by the roof. A chimney rises through the center of the wing, venting corner fireplaces in three rooms on each floor. The stairway passage is located in the southwest corner of each floor.

Peyton Randolph House dining room. Diners are enjoying a post-dessert course of fruit and nuts. A servant fills glasses in the background.
The center section contains some of the best surviving paneling in the city — some of it walnut — while unusually fine brass hinges and locks trim the parlor doors. The floor is mostly made of original edge-cut pine
Outbuildings supported household activity
A full complement of outbuildings stood to the north (in back), including a two-story brick kitchen, a stable for 12 horses, a coach house, and a dairy.

Peyton Randolph inherited home

Sir John Randolph, the only colonial born in Virginia to be knighted, died in 1737. He left the house to his wife, Susannah Beverley Randolph, until their second son, Peyton, reached the age of 24. Their first son, Beverley, inherited property in Gloucester County; their third son, John, inherited acreage on the city's southern edge; and their daughter, Mary, received a dowry of £1,000. Susannah Beverley Randolph remained in the home until her death sometime after 1754.
Peyton Randolph, Speaker of Virginia's House of Burgesses in the years leading to the Revolution, brought his wife, Betty Harrison Randolph, to the home by 1751. It became a hub of political activity, and its owner Peyton Randolph was elected the presiding officer of the First Continental Congress at Philadelphia in 1774. An inventory taken at Peyton Randolph's death in 1775 indicates how the house was furnished and equipped.
Widow Betty Randolph opened her home to French general Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, when he arrived in Williamsburg with General George Washington to prepare for the siege of Yorktown in 1781. The house served as the French headquarters until they moved to the field.

Exterior of the Peyton Randolph House

Home auctioned to highest bidder Peyton and Betty Randolph had no children and, after her death and according to directions in Betty Randolph’s will, the house was sold at auction on February 19, 1783. A newspaper advertisement described it as "pleasantly situated on the great square." It was conveyed to the highest bidder, Joseph Hornsby, on February 21, and the proceeds were divided among Betty Randolph's legatees.

By 1824, the house was in the possession of Mary Monroe Peachy. She had the honor that year of lodging Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, when he visited the city on October 20 and 21 during a tour of America.

The Peyton Randolph House restored
Colonial Williamsburg's primary restoration of the home began in October 1939 and was completed in April 1940. More restoration of the main section was undertaken in June 1967 and was finished 12 months later. The center and west portions of the house opened for exhibition on July 1, 1968.

Magazine

Magazine

When I heard of the name of this place first time, I thought it was strange.
How could the place be named as Magazine? Is it French? No..
"Magaine" sounds like a magazine that we like to read everyday; however, it turned out that "Magagine" does not have any realtion to it. haha^^
So, I need to get this straight!





Magazine

-Built in 1715 by Governor Spotswood
-Stored equipment necessary for protection against
Indians, slave revolts, riots, and pirate raids
-Dunmore ordered emptying of arsenal and disabling of the muskets
-Spark of revolution ignited here
-Events at Magazine in 1775 mirrored events of revolution in Massachusetts
-Magazine used for multiple purposes after government moved to Richmond
-Association for Preservation of Virginia Antiquities formed
as a result of effort to restore Magazine

Built by Governor Spotswood to protect colony's arms and munitions

In 1714, the General Assembly had asked Governor Alexander Spotswood to build "a good substantial house of brick" precisely to protect the colony's arms and munitions. The occasion was the shipment of powder and muskets from Queen Anne's government in England. The city's 17th-century magazine, if it still stood, seems to have been inadequate. Spotswood was authorized to spend £200 from taxes collected on the import of liquor and slaves.
In 1715, he had erected a tall octagonal tower admired by a visitor, Sir William Keith, as "an elegant safe Magazine, in the Centre of Williamsburgh." Spotswood also designed Bruton Parish Church and landscaped the Governor's Palace.
Spotswood's Magazine safeguarded shot, powder, flints, tents, tools, swords, pikes, canteens, cooking utensils, and as many as 3,000 Brown Bess flintlocks – equipment needed for defense against Indians, slave revolts, local riots, and pirate raids. Its first keeper was John Brush, builder of the Brush-Everard House.
So many munitions arrived from 1754 to 1763 in the course of the French and Indian War that the additions of a high perimeter wall and Guardhouse were necessary. But with the departure of the government for Richmond during the Revolution, the Magazine saw less service as a powder horn, as it was sometimes called.

Spark that ignited Revolution began at Magazine

The spark that ignited the Revolution in Virginia was struck where the colony stored its gunpowder, the Magazine in the middle of Williamsburg.
The night of April 20, 1775, Lieutenant Henry Collins stole toward the capital with a squad of royal marines from H.M.S. Magdalen anchored in Burwell's Bay on the James River. Their orders, straight from Governor Dunmore, were to empty the arsenal and disable the muskets stored there.
"Tho' it was intended to have been done privately," Dunmore wrote a few days later, "Mr. Collins and his party were observed, and notice was immediately given to the Inhabitants of this Place: Drums were then sent through the City." It was early the morning of April 21 by then. The marines fled in the dark with 15 half-barrels of powder for H.M.S. Fowey anchored in the York River.

Angry citizenry gathered

Most of Williamsburg's population gathered on Market Square, and some talked of doing Dunmore harm. Peyton Randolph, Robert Carter Nicholas, and Mayor John Dixon averted violence by persuading the crowd to send a delegation to the governor to demand an explanation. Dunmore said he had intelligence of "an intended insurrection of slaves" and only wanted to keep the powder out of its reach. Unless he viewed the angry patriots as slaves, he was lying.
It was Patrick Henry's oratory that helped the governor down this road. At St. John's Church in Richmond on March 23, Henry had risen during the Second Virginia Convention to argue for the organization of a volunteer company of cavalry or infantry in every county. His speech ended: "Give me liberty, or give me death."

Dunmore tries to justify actions

Later justifying the powder's theft, Dunmore wrote:
"The Series of Dangerous Measures pursued by the People of this Colony against Government, which they have now entirely overturned, & particularly their having come to a Resolution of raising a Body of armed Men in all the Counties, made me think it prudent to remove some gunpowder which was in a Magazine in this Place, where it lay exposed to any Attempt that might be made to seize it, & I had Reason to believe the People intended to take that step."
Dunmore knew full well that possession of the gunpowder was the possession of power.

The sword of revolution drawn

Word of Lexington and Concord reached Williamsburg on April 27. The Virginia Gazette got out a broadside the next day that said: "The Sword is drawn and God knows when it will be sheathed." Soon Henry and 150 militiamen were threatening the capital from a Military Encampment just west of the city and demanding restitution for the powder. They were granted restitution.
Late June 3 or early June 4, a spring-gun trap set at the Magazine wounded two young men who had broken in. A furious mob stormed the building June 5. Rumors that the royal marines were returning brought out the militia. June 8, Dunmore fled to H.M.S. Fowey. British rule in Virginia was at an end.
After the government moved to Richmond, the Magazine became, successively, a market, a Baptist meetinghouse, a Confederate arsenal, a dancing school, and a livery stable. But it always maintained a capacity to inspire. Journalist Benson Lossing passed through Williamsburg in 1848 and wrote:
"While leaning against the ancient wall of the old Magazine, and in the shadow of its roof, contemplating the events which cluster that locality with glorious associations, I almost lost cognizance of the present, and beheld in reverie the whole pageantry of the past march in review."
A woodblock engraving that illustrated his account was useful a century later in the Magazine's restoration.

Effort to save the Magazine resulted in formation of Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities

Builders tore down its perimeter wall in 1856 and used the bricks for the foundation of a nearby church. A wall of the Magazine itself collapsed February 6, 1888, and one-half of another the next day. A local woman's determination to save the structure was instrumental in the formation of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, an organization that bought the Magazine the next year for $400. Her name was Cynthia Beverley Tucker Coleman, and she was owner of the St. George Tucker House, and a descendant of its namesake. Her son was a state transportation official, and the bridge over the York River to Gloucester is named for him. In the water near the southern foot of that bridge rests the wreckage of H.M.S. Fowey, which sank during the Battle of Yorktown.
September 9, 1889, the Magazine's roof burned, with only its finial escaping the flames. Repaired, the building became a museum. Colonial Williamsburg restored the structure in 1934 and 1935, rebuilding the brick wall and Guardhouse. In 1946, Colonial Williamsburg leased the Magazine and began its restoration. It reopened as an exhibition July 4, 1949, and the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities sold the building to Colonial Williamsburg in 1986.

Carpenter of Williamsburg

Carpenter

In a century when most structures were built from wood, no tradesman was more useful than the carpenter. The main business of the colonial carpenter was to cut and join timber and board into sturdy wooden homes and shops. As Williamsburg blossomed, the demand for new homes, shops, outbuildings stables, sheds, and their repair grew at a rapid pace.

Carpenters built city of Williamsburg



Carpenters lay shingles on the roof of a shed near Shields Tavern in the Historic Area.


Hand-sawn beams are the order of the day.

The city was literally hammered together in the 1700s by men like Benjamin Powell, John Wheatley, James Morris, Christopher Ford, and dozens of other carpenters whose names appear on the ledgers of building trades customers. Much of the work was accomplished by slaves that such builders owned or hired. Large numbers of slaves – skilled and unskilled – helped construct the colonial capital. Carpenters were also hired to do repair work build additions to existing structures, or to make smokehouses, dairies, necessaries, and other outbuildings. Brick structures, too, required finishing work and routine maintenance.
The carpenter worked from a building's foundation to its roof ridge. He laid floors, chiseled mortise-and-tenon joints, framed walls, raised rafters, carved moldings, hung doors, and nailed weatherboard. Carpenters sometimes acquired building materials from less-skilled laborers, frequently using planks cut from logs by a sawyer and shingles made by slaves at a building site.

Common carpentry tools included:
saw
broadax
hammer
awl
mallet
plane
scribe
drawknife
gimlet
froe

also,

Carpenters built with:
oak
locust
tulip
poplar
yellow pine
cypress
juniper
oak chestnut

Colonial carpentry survives in original 18th-century buildings

Durable examples of the work of carpenters may be seen in the 88 original 18th-century buildings in Colonial Williamsburg. None, perhaps, is finer than the Peyton Randolph House, where carpenters reconstructed the site's outbuildings. Currently, the Historic Trades Carpenters are using 18th-century tools and techniques at Great Hopes Plantation.

A Scary Story-Bruton Parish Churchyard

Bruton Parish Churchyard

-Many buried at home in colonial times
-17th-century graves found in land donated for second Bruton Parish Church
-Catherine Memorial Society formed to preserve gravestones

Churchyards not first choice for burial location

Colonial Virginia churchyards were not the first choices for burials. The custom was to inter the dead at home. In 1724, the Reverend Hugh Jones, Bruton Parish rector, complained about this practice because it meant he had to travel to plantations and farms to conduct funerals.

17th-century graves located in Bruton Parish Churchyard

Despite the burial customs of the era, there are 17th-century graves in the parcel of land John Page donated for the second Bruton Parish Church on November 14, 1678. Page's gift included the land 60 feet in all directions from the building. No one knows how many graves it contains, or the age of the oldest. Many of the early burials are not marked. In some instances, the lack of grave markers led to people being buried atop one another.
Archaeological excavations at the site of the second church in 1993 showed no standard depth, nor any standard orientation, for graves. Some order eventually came to grave orientation, but depths varied into the 19th century. By 1836, this was enough of a problem for the vestry to decree that all new graves had to be at least 4.5 feet deep.

Notables buried in Bruton Parish Churchyard

Graves of note include those of Governor Edward Nott, first rector Rowland Jones, the powerful Thomas Ludwell, merchant John Greenhow, and two infant children of Martha Custis Washington by her first husband. Some of their names are still heard on Williamsburg's streets, including the name of little Matthew Whaley.
In 1705, Matthew's mother buried him beneath a stone that says:
"Matthew Whaley lies Interred hereWithin this Tomb upon his father dearWho Departedthis life the 26th of September 1705 AgedNine years only childof James Whaleyand Mary his wife."
Mrs. Whaley established the Mattie Free School for the poor on Capitol Landing Road in the boy's memory. It had a schoolhouse, a master's house, and a stable. Mrs. Whaley left for England, entrusting the school's management to the Bruton Parish Church wardens. She died in 1742, leaving a legacy of about £800 to support the institution. But an executor refused to pay, resulting in a suit in chancery that dragged on past the Revolution. The wardens, unable to support the school, sold the property and earmarked the proceeds for poor relief.

Matthew Whaley School named for child buried in churchyard

In 1859, an English lawyer called the church's attention to the still-pending chancery suit. In 1867, the College of William and Mary agreed to discharge the trust of the will and used the legacy to build the Matthew Whaley Observation and Practice School on the then-vacant Governor's Palace grounds. The school stood until the 1920s, when Colonial Williamsburg acquired the property and had the school, as well as the new high school in front of it, torn down. The school John D. Rockefeller Jr. built to replace them is named the Matthew Whaley School.

Deterioration of graveyard noted in newspaper editorial in 1825

As the city's fortunes faded after the Revolution, so did those of the graveyard. Daniel Walker Lord of Kennebunkport, Maine, came through Williamsburg in 1824. He wrote of the church, "There is a burial ground around it, some of the tombs are marked as early as 1693. . . . The tombs in the yard have most fallen down, and look as though their friends are all extinct."
The Phoenix Gazette, a Williamsburg newspaper, reported in the midst of a campaign for a city graveyard in 1825, "It is with a feeling of sadness that we see the rapid decay of the monuments in the old churchyard of Bruton Parish. One by one they are crumbling, and like the beings whose virtues they were erected to commemorate, they will soon be passed away."
Martha Vandergrift visited Williamsburg as a child in 1844 and 1845 to see relatives. She recalled years later, "We used to jump from one tombstone to another. I always felt that I had a right to, as many of them marked the graves of my Page ancestors."

Wounded Yankees and Confederates rested in graveyard awaiting treatment

After the Battle of Williamsburg on May 5, 1862, the church became a Union hospital for Yankees and Confederates. Many of the wounded were laid in the graveyard to await treatment or to recuperate. Witnesses said their blood stained many of the tablet stones. Some of the dead are buried in graves near the north wall, but there are few names on the markers.
As Matthew Whaley's headstone illustrates, graveyard inscriptions were sometimes elaborate. A 19th-century Baptist preacher, the Reverend Scervant Jones, was beloved for his wit and his rhymes. Jones buried his first wife in the Bruton Parish graveyard under a stone he brought to Williamsburg on the roof of the same stagecoach he used to carry his second wife to the city.

The tablet reads:

"Here lies all that the grave can claim of

Mrs. Ann Timson Jones

Consort of the

Rev. Scervant Jones

Born 1st Sept. 1787

Married 26 Dec. 1805

Baptized 3 Mar. 1822

Died June 6, 1849

If woman, ever yet did well;
If woman, ever did excel;

If woman, husband ere adored;

If woman, ever loved the Lord;

If faith and hope and love;

In Human flesh did live and move;

If all the graces ere did meet;

In her they were complete.

My Ann, my all, my angel wife,

My dearest one, my love, my life,

I cannot sigh or say farewell;

But where thou dwellest I will dwell."

A vestry book minute of March 9, 1897, says that two of their number, Drs. Moncure and Garrett, were appointed to a committee "to so fix the gates that cattle may be prevented from trespassing in the churchyard." There are scattered notes in the minute book of people seeking permission to raise fences around family plots to preserve them from wandering animals.
But a minute of April 5, 1907, says: "On motion it was decided that all persons interested in the fences in the church yard be earnestly requested to remove the same at their earliest convenience as it is the unanimous opinion of the Vestry that in view of the city ordinance of Williamsburg prohibiting the running at large of cows and horses, that in their opinion, no occasion now exists for enclosures in the Church Yard."

Cynthia Beverley Tucker Coleman began restoration efforts to honor her daughter

So far as the record shows, restoration efforts in Williamsburg began in 1884 when Cynthia Beverley Tucker Coleman organized a group of children into the Catherine Memorial Society. The name honored her daughter, who had died at age 12 the year before. On April 7, 1887, the society requested permission of the vestry "to repair the old monuments in the Church Yard and to otherwise put in order the yard, as their means may justify."
The society repaired broken headstones and put brick foundations beneath some tablets resting on the ground. The society is credited with stimulating the interest in restoration that grew into establishment of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, an organization that Mrs.Coleman cofounded. Mrs. Coleman was the owner of the St. George Tucker house and a descendant of its namesake. She was also responsible for saving the crumbling Williamsburg Magazine.

Since Halloween is coming up, I just want to post something sacry on here this time^^

Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning Assignments

In my Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning class,
Dr. Lee gave two assignments to us two weeks ago.
The first one was to make a brief summary of the main points of an article, edited in Newsweek, September 11, 2009 issue which was a cover story entitled, ‘Is your baby racist?’, and add my own reflection: what I learned, what I thought about, what I can do to help my students understand concerning ‘bias’ issues clearly and issue that I can raise to talk about.
The second was the discussion on ‘racism,’ ‘bias,’ ‘stereotyping,’ ‘racial profiling’ after I watch
Harold & Kumar go to White Castle.






, and how I would like handle such issues when similar things occur in my ‘classroom’ setting; how I can prevent bias and stereotyping.

Here's the specification of this assignment,

1. Define ‘racism,’ ‘bias,’ ‘stereotyping’ and ‘racial profiling’ in one paragraph.
2. Discuss examples of racial stereotyping and racial profiling that you found from this movie within more than two paragraphs.
3. Did you find any ‘bilingual issue’ in this film? If yes, please discuss it in more than one paragraph.
4. Discuss how you are going to handle problem situation related with racism or bilingualism in your future class as a professional TESOL member in more than one paragraph.

I would like to post this assignment on m blog so that other classmates can look and share their thoughts with me.

TSL 504 Culture Assignment ① 10/04/09 Eunice Kim

Summary

In 2006, Birgitte Virrtrup at The Children’s Research Lab at the University of Texas conducted a project about if typical children’s video with multicultural storylines has any beneficial effect on children’s racial attitudes. It revealed that the tree groups of children had very budged very much in their racial attitudes. Talking about the race was a clear key to the research. For decades, we’ve assumed that children will see race only when society points it out them; however, children see racial differences as much as they see the difference between pink and blue.
The spontaneous tendency to assume one’s group shares characteristic-such as niceness, or smarts is called essentialism. Phyllis Katz, a professor at the University of Colorado, points out that when the period of our children’s lives, when we imagine it’s most important to not talk about race, is the very developmental period when children’s minds are forming their first conclusions about race. Several studies point to the possibility of developmental windows-stages when children’s attitude might be most amenable to change. The Divers Environment Theory is about if parents raise a child with a fair amount of exposure to people of other races and cultures, the environment becomes the message. Researchers have found that the more diverse the environment, the more kids self-segregate by race and ethnicity. Shushing children when they make an improper remark is an instinctive reflex, but often the wrong move, and to be effective, conversations about race need to be explicit, in unmistakable terms children can understand. Minority children who are repeatedly told of discrimination are less likely to see a connection between hard work and success. Black children who hear messages of ethnic pride are more engaged in school and more likely to attribute their successes to effort and ability.

I had no experience being around minority people, and I was young idealistic believed that everyone was equal and had no real prejudices. However, as I become a grown up, honestly, I’ve only thought that we human beings tend to discriminate towards anything that is different than ourselves, so we want to be around others like us by nature. We know skin color makes no difference in the person; however, it’s different in reality. I think it naturally becomes a corrupted world when those who achieve are made to feel inferior, and those who have not and cannot achieve are made to feel superior. So far, I thought everyone is prejudice, and what matters is whether we can put our prejudice.
While I was reading the article, it’s interesting to know that there is the possibility of developmental windows-stages when children’s attitudes might be most amenable to change. I changed my concept of racism and bias that children should be taught that all citizens are equal and must be treated so despite personal feelings. As a future educator, what I can do in class with my students is that I do my best to instill their pride in those minority children and make them feel proud of the positive accomplishments of their own people, giving lots of examples throughout the world history. Also, I develop my own material to teach intercultural class combining both minority and majority children and have majority groups simply learn what minorities are like by interacting with them regardless of what integration programs they impose, for example, having them a positive comment on every single members of each group.

TSL 504 Culture Assignment ② 10/04/09 Eunice Kim

1. Define ‘racism’ ‘bias’ ‘stereotyping’ and ‘racial profiling’ in one paragraph.

Racism is the belief that a particular race is superior or inferior to another, that a person’s social and moral traits are predetermined by his or her inborn biological characteristics.
Bias is a term used to describe a tendency or preference towards a particular perspective, ideology or result, especially when the tendency interferes with the ability to be impartial, unprejudiced, or objective. A stereotype is a type of logical oversimplification in which all the members of a class or set are considered to be definable by an easily distinguishable set of characteristics. Racial profiling is the inclusion of racial or ethnic characteristics in determining whether a person is considered likely to commit a particular type of crime or an illegal act or to behave in a "predictable" manner.

2. Discuss examples of racial stereotyping and racial profiling that you found from this movie within more than two paragraphs.

I found several racial stereotyping or racial profiling in the movie. Harold got stuck with somebody else's work because he's "good with numbers," and “a nerdy little Asian guy.” Harold and Kumar see themselves as big shots who know how to party better than the more traditional, passive Princeton Asians, but it turns out those people have the craziest parties. Also, Harold and Kumar are viewed stereotypical children of Asian immigrants, bright young men who work hard. The group of "extreme guys" tell Harold, "this is America, dude, learn how to drive" and keep flicking him off. Harold winds up in jail, where he and Kumar meet a polite African-American gentleman who has been arrested for being black.
It’s nice to get an idea about how other cultures see whites. As an Asian, I feel bad about the social convention that we made. On the other hand, I’m glad that it breaks racial barriers. While I was watching the movie, I hardly think about their race.

3. Did you find any ‘bilingual issue’ in this film? If yes, please discuss it more than one paragraph.

In the movie, there was a scene that Harold and Kumar had to ask a CVS worker about how to get to the White Castle. He was Indian and seemed that he didn’t understand what Harold said to him. Kumar had a conversation with the worker in Hindustani to help them. Like Kumar did, I saw societal benefits of bilingualism. Bilinguals engage in wider communication across generation, regions and cultural groups fostering a sympathetic understanding of difference of each other. We don’t know how Kumar learned his native language, but it seems clear that being a bilingual is better than not.

4. Discuss how you are going to handle problem situation related with racism or bilingualism in your future class as a professional TESOL member in more than one paragraph.

As a TESOL member, I think we should teach both multicultural history of the U.S. to students and our common values. At the same time, students have to learn about a "common heritage," and they need to strengthen their own cultural identities and ethnic pride. Also, we must help our students acknowledge and respect the important differences that result from our various cultural heritages and experiences, and encourage students to re-examine what it means to be an American or to live in America. Personally, one of good way to prepare students for diverse societies is to have some kind of “an Exchanging student program” that students experience about what the real other culture will be like. I think students begin to help and value each other and learn to get along that way through the program.

Windmill in Williamsburg reservation site

in front of windwill

A white windmill stands out against the azure(bright blue) sky.

(The pic came out )

I enjoyed strolling along and appreciated the Windmill scenery^^

A useful man was Williamsburg's William Robertson. Appointed clerk of the colony's Council in 1698, a director of the fledgling capital in 1705, and a city alderman in 1722, he also operated a most serviceable windmill.
The windmill was the domain of the miller and his assistant. Robertson's was a post mill, a design that appeared in Europe in the Middle Ages. Its superstructure balanced on a huge, single timber--or post--to be turned into the wind by a man at the tailpole.
When the breeze spun the windmill's blades, a shaft and gear arrangement turned a millstone to grind corn into meal or wheat into flour. A bolting or sifting apparatus on the first floor fed the product into bags.
Traditionally, the miller collected a toll of one-sixth the weight, but there was room to bargain. For whatever it may say about Robertson's profits, he sold his windmill and four city lots to Mayor John Holloway in 1723 for a modest £80.
Cedar as well as other woods served for shingles. Demonstrations of how logs were turned into building products is a specialty of the site, found just beyond the Peyton Randolph House

Looking at Eighteenth-Century Clothing 2

-Mrs. Gavin Lawson (Susannah Rose) by John Hesselius. Oil on Canvas. Virginia, dated 1770. Mrs. Lawson wife of a planter and merchant of Stafford County, Virginia, wears a satin gown with stomacher front, fine lace, and pearls. 1954-262

-The concepts of comfort and modesty have always been relative and subject to the influence of fashion and the needs of the occasion. Like us, eighteenth-century people needed clothing for warmth and comfort, but they quickly abandoned those needs if fashion or the occasion dictated. During much of the eighteenth century, women's skirts were long and the sleeves covered the elbows; yet a woman would readily push up her sleeves and hike up her petticoats while doing laundry or working in the dairy, and, when fashion dictated it, women would shorten their skirts to the ankles, as many did in the 1780s.
When we look at ladies' corsets –"stays" –from the period, we cannot imagine how a woman could subject herself to such a garment. Yet the wearing of stays was as much linked to concepts of modesty and support as it was to figure shape; without her stays for most public occasions, a woman was considered not quite properly dressed at best and a "loose woman" at worst.



-Sack Back Gown and Matching Petticoats. Brocaded silk taffeta, linen bodice and sleeve linings, made in England or Virginia by Elizabeth Dandridge Aylett Henley.G1975-340.

-Someone who had worn stays from girlhood might scarcely have questioned their comfort or lack of it. (And who is to say that stays were any more uncomfortable than pointed-toe, high-heeled twentieth-century shoes?)
Climate also had a significant effect on clothing. In the sultry climate of Virginia many, even the upper classes, chose washable linen or cotton clothing for informal wear. A traveler in the early 1730s described the summer clothing of Virginians: "In Summertime even the gentry goe Many in White Holland [linen] Wast Coat and drawers and a thin Cap on their heads and Thread stockings [knitted linen]. The Ladyes Strait laced in thin Silk or Linnen. In Winter [they dress] mostly as in England and affect London Dress and wayes."
During the hot summer months, men often wore unlined coats and thin waistcoats of cotton or linen fabrics. Advising his brother about what to wear when he attended the College of William and Mary, Stephen Hawtrey wrote, "Your Cloathing in summer must be as thin and light as possible for the heat is beyond your conception . . .your Cloth suit unlined may do for the Month of May, but after that time you must wear the thinnest Stuffs that can be made without lining[;] some people . . . wear brown holland [linen] Coats with lining –some Crape –You must carry with you a Stock of Linnen Waistcoats made very large and loose, that they may'nt stick to your hide when you perspire."



-Gown and Matching Petticoat. Cream silk taffeta with crisp finish-lustring"-trimmed with pinked self-fabric,linen bodice and sleeve linings. By tradition made in England in 1778 and bought to Virginia by Mrs. Frances Norton. G1946-133.

-Many Virginia women favored gowns made of lustring, a crisp, light silk that was often ordered for wear during the summer months. When the hot weather became unbearable, some women went without their stays for informal occasions and at home, although formal occasions still required them. One Virginia woman related in her diary that she did not bother to get dressed immediately on a particularly "sulterry" day; she remained "up stairs in only shift and petticoat till after Tea."
Clothing that reaches a museum collection has been culled by time, by curatorial selectivity, and by a process we might call "the survival of the finest." Most collections contain garments that are of the elegant, dress type, simply because everyday clothing has not survived. No one thought to save the plain, worn garments of a lower-class man or woman – if there was anything left to save but rags.



-Unlined Coat and Breeches. Coat of coarse homespun cotton and wool, breeches of cotton, Isle of Wight County or Goochland County, Virgina, 1780-1790. the suit is sized to fit a youth ( the beeches have a 27-inch waist).1964-174.

-To understand what most people wore in the past, museum collections need to be supplemented by carefully analyzed print sources and written records.
Some questions about people's appearance cannot be answered to our satisfaction, even after poring over all the surviving sources. We would very much like to know the size of the "average" person in the eighteenth century, but we can offer only partial answers. We do know that the unaltered bodices and stays in Williamsburg's collections have waistlines ranging from 21 1/2 inches to 34 inches, with an average of slightly over 25 inches. Two hundred and twenty-five men advertised as being runaways in the Virginia Gazette between the years 1750 to 1770 had an average height of 5 feet, 7 1/2 inches. Based on limited, non-scientific samples, these figures cannot be taken as averages for an entire period. Research continues in all aspects of appearance and clothing.